OSTEOMAXXX

Delta 3-Carene

Delta 3 Carene are organic hydrocarbons that give the plant its flavour and aroma profile as well working to deter herbivores and attract pollinators. They can also have the ability increase cellular permeability and therefore a rapid absorption of cannabinoids. Delta 3 Carene has been looked at in research for its effectiveness in increasing bone density and promoting bone healing. Delta 3 Carene was shown to stimulate signifcantly the activity and expression of alkaline phosphotase an early phase marker of osteoblastic differentiation. On day 15 of differentiation it dramatically increased the induction of calcium in a dose dependent manner. The increase in bone healing and density may be attributed to the activation of mitogen activated protein kinases and the transcript levels of osteoblast mineralization related genes such as osteopontin and type 1 and collagen. Other than its bone healing properties delta 3 Carene has shown to have the ability to draw out fluids. This effect makes delta 3 carene potentially useful as an antihistamine to target excess mucus production.

Key Points

• Increased bone density & repair
• Increase mental focus and concentration
• Antihistamine
• Anabolic

β-Ionone

Ionones are a small group of terpenoid ketones found in rose essential oil. Among these are alpha and beta ionone, isomers with related but distinct physiological effects.

Beta ionone by comparison has demonstrated an anti-proliferative role, particularly via regulating MAPKs in breast tissue, with up to 84% inhibition of deleterious cell proliferation. This effect is quite specific, not relying on typical pathways such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibition . Beta ionone has also been demonstrated to inhibit the deleterious proliferation of other cell types via upregulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases . Metalloproteinases are required to break down extracellular matrix, making room for the formation of new blood vessels, and as such their inhibition induced by beta ionone limits deleterious cell replication . The anti-proliferative effect of beta ionone also extends to the liver, where the compound protects against DNA damage, and in over-proliferating gastric cells where apoptosis (programmed cell recycling) is induced in response to beta ionone . Beta ionone is also anti-inflammatory, significantly attenuating lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and tumor necrosis factor-a release . Beta ionone’s anti-proliferative effect, particularly in prostate tissue, is also linked to its activation of the OR51E2 olfactory receptor. This effect is further enhanced via beta ionone’s activation of the ‘prostate-specific G protein-coupled receptor’, which specifically blocks the androgen receptor from translocating to the nucleus in prostate tissue .

Key Points

• Antiproliferative in many tissues, especially breast and prostate
• Protects DNA from damage
• Anti-inflammatory